许多同学在学习复合句和特殊句式时,都会为“that”和“what”的选择而头疼, 感觉这两个连接性词语辨别起来“有点乱”。你也不妨先做一做下面几个题,看看你能否把他们分清:
1.A modern city has been set up in ____ was a wasteland ten years ago.
A. what B. which C. that D. where
2.Because of my poor memory, all ____ you told me has been forgotten.
A. that B. which C. what D. as
3.With his work completed, the businessman stepped back to his seat, feeling pleased ____ he was a man of action.
A. which B. that C. what D. whether
4.It is what you do rather than what you say _______ matters.
A. that B. what C. which D. this
5.His plan was such a good one _________ we all agreed to accept it.
A. so B. and C. that D. as
上面5个题中的前四个题,在选项中都同时出现了what和that,如何选择呢?
第1题为答案A。考查名词从句连接代词what的运用。“十年前是一片荒地的地方建起了一座现代化的城市”。作介词in的宾语不能用that,因为名词从句中that不做任何成分;连接代词what引导一个宾语从句,“是一个什么样的地方”;
第2题为答案A。考查定词从句关系代词that的运用,“因为记忆不好,你告诉我的,我都给忘了”。句中先行词为“all”,that为关系代词,意指all,在从句中做宾语;
第3题答案为B。考查名词从句从属连词that的运用。“…他很得意自己是个干事的人。”陈述了一个事实,故选择从属连词that
第4题为答案A。考查强调句结构中的that。“It is (was) 所强调的成分 that (who) 其他成分。”
第5题为答案C。考查结果状语从句中的从属连词that。“他的计划非常好,我们都同意接受。”
从上面的分析中,我们不难看出,“that”一词非常活跃,在定语从句、名词从句、状语从句和强调句中都有使用;而命题设项时,“what”又常常用来作为干扰,因此,要想辨清“that” 和“what”这两个词,突破复合句式的这个难点,就要注意:
一、定语从句的关系代词中没有what,因此要牢记what不会引导定语从句。
例如:
1.The thought of going back home was kept him happy while he was working abroad.
A.that B.all that C.all what D.which
答案为B。这里的all是先行词,而that是关系代词,在从句中做主语。许多同学将此题误选成了C。需要注意的是,C选项前面要是去掉all,则变成了what引导的名词从句,则就是对的了。
2.You can only be sure of_____ you have at present; you cannot be sure of something ___ you might get in the future. [2007 安徽卷]
A. that; what B. what; /
C. which; that D. /; that
答案为B。前一个空为名词从句连接代词what,(从句做of的宾语,what又为get的宾语),后一个空为定语从句(先行词为something,关系代词做get的宾语,关系代词省略)。
二、名词从句中同时存在that和what这两个连接性词语,可以从其语法地位和意思上来辨别。
that 引导名词性从句时,没有任何含义和语法作用,只是提示引导了名词从句;而what引导名词性从句时,在主从句中都要充当一定的句子成分,what的意思是“什么…”
例如:
1.The mountain is no longer ____ it used to be.
A. which B. that C. what D. as
答案C 。“山不是以前那个样子了”。以前“什么样”,对应了what。
2.There is much chance ____ Bill will recover from his injury in time for the race.
A. that B. which C. until D. if
答案A。that引导的名词从句陈述事实,说的即是前面的chance,为同位语从句。
三、定语从句与同位语从句中that的区别,主要看that在从句中有没有语法作用。
定语从句中的关系代词that在句中做宾语或主语,有时可以与 which 互换。同位语从句中的连词that只起连接作用,在从句中不担当任何句子成分;而如果句子是同位语从句,就应用连词that而不能用which。同位语从句一般放在表具体含义的名词如:fact、suggestion、truth、possibility、idea等后面,解释名词的含义或内容,而定语从句只是对先行词的限定和修饰。
例如:
The football star Henry expressed the hope that he would come to visit China again in 2008.
同位语从句,从句就是hope的内容;
The hope the football star Henry expressed is that he would come to visit China again in 2008.
定语从句,从句修饰hope,是“表达的”愿望。
再如:
1.…It's thirty years since we last met.
…But I still remember the story, believe it or not, ____ we got lost on a rainy night.
A. which B. that C. what D. when
答案为B。同位语从句,解释story。
2.I still remember the big names in the stories ______ my mother told me when I was young.
A. when B. that C. what D. where
答案为B。定语从句,意指stories,做told的宾语。