高考英语词汇:cost,spend与take的区别

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cost,spend与take均可表示“花费”,区别如下:
  1、从所用主语来看:
  cost 的主语通常是事或物(包括形式主语 it),不能是人;spend 的主语只能是人,不能是事或物;take 的主语可以是事或物(包括形式主语 it)也可以是人。如:
  The computer cost (me) $2 000. 这部电脑花了(我) 2 000 美元。
  It costs (me) $1 000 a year to run a car. 使用一辆车每年要花(我)1 000美元。
  I have spent all day looking for you. 我花了 1 整天找你。
  It took me an hour to write the letter. 我写这封信花了 1 个小时。
  The letter took me an hour (to write). (译文同上)
  I took an hour to write the letter. (译文同上)
  注:若 cost 不是表示“花费”,而是表示客观上地或被动地“耗费”,则也可用人作主语。如:
  Smokers cost the government a lot of money every year. 抽烟的人每年要耗费政府不少钱。
  2、从所接宾语来看:
  cost 的宾语通常是钱,take 的宾语通常是时间,而 spend 的宾语则可以是时间或钱。如:
  How much did it cost to build the bridge? 建这座桥花了多少钱?
  It took her two hours to walk to the station. 步行去车站花了她两小时。
  He spends much time (money) on books. 他花了很多时间读(很多钱买)书。
  注:cost 有时也用于时间,但通常只用于笼统时间(一般不用于具体明确的时间)。如:
  Making experiments like this costs much time and labour. 做这样的实验要花很多时间和劳力。
  按传统语法,take 的宾语通常是时间,但在现代英语中,用钱作其宾语的现象已很普遍。如:
  It takes a lot of money to buy a house. 买一座房子要花一大笔钱。
  3. 从句型结构来看:
  (1) 三者的通常句型为:
  sth costs (sb) money 某物花某人多少钱
  it costs (sb) money to do sth 做某事花某人多少钱
  sb spends time (money) on sth 某人在某一方面花多少钱
  sb spends time (money) in [on] doing sth 某人在做某事方面花多少钱
  it takes sb time (money) to do sth = it takes time (money) for sb to do sth 做某事花某人多少时间或钱
  sth takes sb time (money) to do 某事花某人多少时间或钱去做
  sb takes time (moeny) to do 某人花多少时间或钱去做某事
  (2) 用于以上意义时,cost 不能用于被动语态,take 通常不用于被动语态,而 spend 则可以用于被动语态。如:
  误:Thirty dollars was cost by the coat.
  误:Two hours was taken to do the work.
  正:Two hours was spent on the work. 做这工作花了两个小时。
  4. 在比喻用法中:
  (1) cost 指付出代价(劳力、麻烦、精力、生命等)。如:
  Careless driving will cost your life. 粗心开车会要你的命。
  Just ring him up. It’ll cost you nothing. 给他打个电话,这不费什么事。
  (2) spend 表示“消耗”、“用完”。如:
  I’ll spend no more breath on him. 我不会再和他费唇舌。
  He spent great efforts to help me. 他费了很大的劲儿来帮我。
  (3) take 表示需要人力(精力、劳力等)。如:
  It takes patience. 做这工作需要耐心。
  It takes two to make a quarrel. 一个巴掌拍不响。
  It took three men to lift the box. 抬这个箱子要 3 个人。


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