高考英语语法:定语从句关系词的用法与区别
定语从句即指在主从复合句用作定语的从句。定语从句通常修饰名词或代词,对它进行限制、描绘和说明。受定语从句修饰的词语叫先行词,引导定语从句的词语叫关系词。关系词按其性质又分关系代词和关系副词。关系词不仅引导定语从句,同时还在定语从句充当一定的句子成分。
一、关系词的用法特点
关系词分关系代词和关系副词。关系代词主要有 that, who, whom, whose, which, as 等,其中who和whom 只用于指人,which和as 只用于指事物,whose和 that既可于指人也可用于指物,它们在定语从句可用作主语、宾语、表语或定语;关系副词主要有when, where 和why,其中when表示时间,where表地点,why表原因,它们在定语从句中均用作状语:
The dog which [that] was lost has been found. 丢失的狗找到了。(which / that指物,在从句中用作主语)
I have forgotten everything that I learnt at school. 我把学校学的所有东西都给忘了。(that指物,在从句中句作宾语)
The man who lives in that house is my uncle. 住在那座房子里的人是我叔叔。(who指人,在从句中作主语)
It was an island whose name I have forgotten. 这是一座岛,名字我忘了。
There are some students whose questions I can’t answer. 有些学生提出的问题我回答不了。(whose指人,在从句中作定语)
二、关系词的选择
选择关系词可考虑以下四点:
(1) 一看先行词的意义,即分清先行词是指人、指物、时间、地点还是原因(如指物时不能用who或whom,指人时通常不用which等)。
(2) 二看关系词的句法功能,即分清关系词是担任什么句子成分,是作主语还是宾语、是作定语还是状语等(如作定语通常用whose,有时也用 which;作状语要用when, where, why)。
(3) 三看定语从句的种类,即分清是限制性定语从句还是非限制性定语从句(如that和why通常不引导非限制性定语从句)。
(4) 四看文体,即分清是正式文体还是非正式文体,是书面语体还是口语体。
三、两组关系词的用法区别
1. that 与 which的用法区别
两者都可指物,有时可互换。其区别主要在于:
(1) 引导非限制性定语从句时,通常只用which:
He drove too fast, which was dangerous. 他开车很快,这是很危险的。
(2) 直接放在介词后作宾语时,通常只用which:
The tool with which he is working is called a hammer. 他干活用的那个工具叫做锤子。
(3) 当先行词是much, little, none, all, few, every(thing), any(thing), no(thing) 等不定代词或受其修饰时,通常用that:
All [Everything] that can be done must be done. 凡能做的事都必须做。
(4) 当先行词受the very, the only, the same 等修饰时,通常用that:
This is the only example that I know. 我知道的例子只有这一个。
Those are the very words that he used. 那是他的原话。
(5) 当先行词有形容词级或序数词(包括last, next等)等修饰时,通常用that:
This is the best dictionary that I’ve ever used. 这是我用过的的词典。
The first thing that you should do is to work out a plan. 你应该做的第一件事是订个计划。
(6) 当关系代词在定语从句中用作表语时,通常用that:
China is not the country (that) it was. 中国已不是过去的样子了。
(7) 当先行词是一个既指人又指物的并列词组时,通常用that:
They talked about the persons and things that most impressed them. 他们谈论了使他们印象最深的人和事。
(8) 当要避免重复时:
Which is the course that we are to take? 我们选哪门课程?
2. that与who的用法区别
(1) 两者均可指人,有时可互换:
All that [who] heard him were delighted. 所有听了他讲话的人都很高兴。
Have you met anybody that [who] has been to Paris? 你遇见过到过巴黎的人吗?
He is the only one among us that [who] knows Russian. 他是我们中间惟一懂俄语的人。
(2) 但是在下列情况,通常要用 that:
①当先行词是一个既指人又指物的并列词组时:
I made a speech on the men and things that I had seen abroad. 我就我在国外所见到的人和事作了报告。
②当先行词是who时(为避免重复):
Who that has sympathy can laugh on that occasion? 有同情心的人谁会在那个时候发笑呢?
③当关系代词在定语从句中作表语时(可省略):
Tom is not the boy (that) he was. 汤姆这孩子已不是以前那个样子了