高考英语语法:分词的句法

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1. 作表语
  The news is encouraging. 这消息令人鼓舞。
  The present situation is terrifying. 目前形势令人惊恐。
  Please be seated. 请坐好。
  The window was broken. 窗户破了。
  注:(1) 有的用作表语的分词具有形容词性质,有的甚至已转化为形容词。
  (2) 现在分词和动名词作表语的区别:现在分词作表语主要表示主语的性质和特征,而动名词作表语则主要是对主语内容的进一步说明和解释。另外,动名词作表语时它可与主语交换位置,而现在分词作表语则不可与主语交换位置:
  误:Very interesting is my job.
  正:Looking after the children is my job.
  还有,作表语的现在分词不能带宾语,而作表语用的动名词可以带宾语(如上例)。
  2. 作定语
  What disappointing news! 多么令人失望的消息!
  The story had a satisfying ending. 这故事有一个令人满意的结局。
  She is a trained nurse. 她是一个受过训练的护士。
  All these are required subjects. 所有这些都是必修课。
  3. 作状语
  分词作状语可以表示多种关系:
  (1) 表时间:
  Seeing the cat, the mouse ran off. 见到猫,老鼠就跑了。
  The work finished, he went home. 工作做完后,他就回家了。
  (2) 表原因:
  Being very weak, she couldn’t move. 她由于身体虚弱而不能行动。
  His car broken down, he had to walk. 他的车坏了,所以只好走路。
  Much discouraged,she moved on to London. 她很沮丧,搬到了伦敦。
  (3) 表条件:
  United, we stand; divided, we fall. 团结则存,分裂则亡。
  Given more time, we could have done it better. 如果多给点时间,我们可以做得更好。
  Working hard, you will succeed. 如果努力工作,你就可以成功。
  Adding them all up, we can find the answer. 如果把它们加起来,我们就可以得到答案。
  (4) 表让步:
  Although living miles away, he attended the course. 虽然住在几英里以外,他仍去上课。
  Defeated, he remained a popular boxer. 虽然被击败了,他仍是一个受欢迎的拳击手。
  (5) 表方式:
  He earns a living driving a truck. 他靠开卡车谋取生。
  I’m returning you letter as requested. 我按要求给你退信。
  (6) 表伴随:
  He sat in the chair reading newspapers. 他坐在椅子上看报。
  Don’t you sit there doing nothing. 别什么也不干坐在那里。
  He came in, followed by his wife. 他走了进来,后面跟着他的妻子。
  (7) 表结果:
  He fired, killing one of the passers-by. 他开枪了,打死了一个过路人。
  He died, leaving his wife with five children. 他死了,留下他妻子和五个儿子。
  It rained and rained, vehicles bogged and bridges washed out. 雨不停地下,车辆陷入泥沼,桥梁被水冲去。
  4. 作宾语补足语
  He soon had them all laughing. 他很快逗得大家都笑了。
  I saw her being taken to the operating room. 我看见她被送到手术室。
  We found him greatly changed. 我们发现他变化很大。
  I heard my name called. 我听到有人叫我的名字。
  All these are required subjects. 所有这些都是必修课。


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