高考英语使用名词要义准数清

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  过去我们曾经认为有些不可数名词可转化为可数名词,其实,那并不是“转化”的问题,而是这个名词本身就兼有不可数和可数两种属性,而这两种属性下,其词义自然就有不同。

  例:Every year the school consumes lots of ____ to print examination _______.

  A. paper; papers

  B. paper; paper

  C. papers; papers

  D papers; paper

  答案A。paper做不可数名词是“纸张”的意思,而做可数名词是“试卷、报纸、文件”的意思。

  因此,识记名词首先要看分类属性,然后再记词义。在理解和把握名词的“数”时,还要注意下面几个问题:

  1.“绝对的”不可数名词

  英语中,有些不可数名词,如:fun,progress等,是“从一而终”的,也就是说,在任何情况下都不能用不定冠词(a/an)和数词限定。

  例一:_____ fun it is to jump into a pool or go swimming in summer!

  A. What a B. How

  C. How a D. What

  答案D。本题容易误选A。

  例二:But back then, it was a huge ____ , especially when compared with the car mobile phones that had been in use since the 1940s.

  A. progress B. mistake

  C. advancement D. failure

  答案C。本题容易误选A。

  2.具体化了的不可数名词

  属于不可数名词的有些抽象名词,可以具体化。这时,它的前面要用不定冠词修饰。如:

  rain(雨)一a heavy rain(一场大雨),

  swim(游泳)一have a swim(去游泳)

  knowledge(知识)一a good knowledge of French(对法语很好的了解和熟悉)

  例 Many people agree that ___ knowledge of English is a must in ___ international trade today.

  A.a; / B.the; an

  C.the; the D./; the

  答案A。作为抽象名词的knowledge,在这里表示“知道;熟悉”,被具体化了。

  3.名词身有两性,即兼有可数和不可数性

  英语里有很多名词既可以是可数的,又可以是不可数的。有时意思相近,但更多的是语义大相径庭。

  例一:The teacher asked his students to help the old lady to do some housework and they made a good _____ of it.

  A. job B. work

  C. task D. justice

  答案A。本题容易误选B。work当“工作”“活儿”讲时,是不可数名词,不能用不定冠词来限定。

  例二:He gained his______ by printing _______of famous writers.

  A.wealth; work

  B.wealths; works

  C.wealths; work

  D.wealth; works

  答案D。wealth 指“财富”,是不可数名词;复数形式的works,指文学、艺术作品。

  例三:Mr. Johnson used to work in the ___ department of the chemical ____.

  A. sale; work

  B. sales; work

  C. sales; works

  D. sale; works

  答案C。复数形式的works可以指工厂(factory)。the chemical works指化工厂。

  例四:____ came that they had ___ with each other for the property division.

  A. Words; word

  B. Word; word

  C. Word; words

  D. Words; words

  答案C。不可数形式的word指的是“消息”,而可数的word的复数形式在这里指“争吵”。


  例五:Of the seven days in the a week, Saturday is said to be the most popular ____ for a wedding in some countries.

  A. way B. situation

  C. event D. choice

  答案D。考查异义词的辨识。在一周的七天中,星期六是人们最喜欢的“选择”,因此,使用choice一词。

  例六:Despite such a big difference in towards what one eats, there is no doubt that people in the west regard the Chinese food as something special.

  A. point B. idea

  C. attitude D. sight

  答案C。考查名词的搭配。“…towards…”考查名词的搭配结构。“attitude towards…”……的态度。其他三个选项一般不搭配这个介词。

  例七:I can’t say which wine is best—it’s a (n)________ of personal taste.

  A.affair B.event

  C.matter D.variety

  答案C。考查名词的搭配。“……事关个人的口味”,选择a matter of。

  例八:Zhenghe made several _______across the oceans to look for new continents.

  A. journeys B. trips

  C. voyages D. travels

  答案C。考查同义词区别。几个选项词义都是旅行,但只有voyages和海上旅行有关。

  例九:Anna’s father showed too much to her little brother, which made her unhappy.

  A.action B.favour

  C.manner D.will

  答案B。考查异义词的辨识。favour喜欢,喜爱。

  例十:——What a pleasant ______ these trees give us!

  ——Why not stop here and have a rest in it?

  A. shadow B. shade

  C. scene D. place

  答案B。考查近义词区别。shade为“遮阴地”,shadow为“影子”。

  例十一:I haven't got a single _____ from Aunt Mary since I last saw her.

  A. advice B. news

  C. message D. information

  答案C。考查名词“数”的判断。advice ,news , information均为不可数名词,不能用不定冠词来直接限定。

  例十二:“I don’t think it’s my ________that the TV blew up.I just turned it on,that’s all,”said the boy.

  A.error B.mistake

  C.fault D.duty

  答案C。考查同义词辨析。fault侧重于造成差错的主观责任;error、mistake侧重于“错误”这一客观事实;而duty则是指责任、义务、该做的事。

  二、名词“数”清,词义才能记准

  学习名词,同学们一般都是只注意名词的“义”,往往会忽略名词的“数”;有时是注意“数”了,但却是用汉语“数”的概念来想英语单词的“数”,于是就出现了许多典型的错误。

  例:Father went to his doctor for ______ about his heart trouble.

  A.an advice B.advice

  C.advices D.the advices

  答案B。advice为不可数名词,不能直接用不定冠词限定,也不能使用复数。本题容易误选A和C。

  英语里,名词有“可数名词(countable noun)”和“不可数名词(uncountable noun)” 之分,而可数名词又有“单数(singular form)”和“复数(plural form)”之别。学习名词,首先要注意其分类标注。名词词义的区别和一词多义,都是建立在名词分类基础上的。(南开中学 段胜利)



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