高中英语覆盖了全部的英语句式结构,这其中有简单句、并列句、复合句等结构句式,也有倒装句、强调句和省略句等特殊句式。在平时的阅读和练习时,我们读到、练到了许多相对比较容易辨别的“单式”结构,如:
The most important idea behind the kind of party planning described here is that it brings parents and children closer together.
这是一个名词从句,其语句结构是:
The…idea… is that it brings parents
主语 系动词
and children…together
名词从句做表语
再如:
Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others, , of course , made the others envy him.
A. who B. that C. what D. which
答案为D。which引导非限定定语从句,代指前面说的事情。
但我们还读到和练到了将多种句式叠加在一起的很多句子,这些句子出现了较难辨别的“复式”结构,同学们会感到句子很复杂,有时候不知道句子在说什么。由于不能很快捕捉出句子结构信息,导致在阅读理解和答题时不知所措,如:
Decision thinking is not unlike poker — it often matters not only what you think, but also what others think you think and what you think they think you think.
不到30个词的一个句子,涵盖了前面的一个简单句和后面的复合句(名词从句做宾语),而且是句子套从句,从句里又套从句。
又如:
The place ___ the bridge is supposed to be built should be____the cross-river traffic is the heaviest.
A. which; where
B. at which; which
C. at which; where
D. which; in which
答案为C。整个句子结构为:
The place ( 定语从句)should be 名词从句。
第一个空为at which引导定语从句,修饰the place,第二个空为where引导名词从句做表语。
在阅读和单项选择中,快速辨别句子结构,分解出叠加进去的不同的句式,要首先具备最基础的简单句和句子成分的知识;在此基础上,将复合句结构对应到句子中,其中定语从句是修饰语,相当于形容词;名词从句是句子成分,相当于某一个名词做成分;状语从句主要是要学会辨别从属连词。对于特殊句式,如倒装句、强调句和省略句等,要熟悉其结构和判断方法。如果做到上面的要求,那么,分解复杂句也就易如反掌了。
下面分析几个典型的题目,从中可以掌握分解复杂句子的方法。
例1 Great changes have taken place in that school. It is no longer ______ it was 20 years ago, _____ it was so poorly equipped.
A. what; when B. that; which
C. what; which D. which; that
答案为A。第一个空为what连接的名词从句做表语,“学校再也不是二十年前的样子了”;第二个空为when引导非限定定语从句,指代“二十年前”。
例2 I just wonder ____ that makes him so excited.
A. why it does B. what he does
C. how it is D. what it is
答案为D。看到题干和题项中的“it is…that…”,可以在试选择时,先考虑本句是否叠加了强调句结构。去掉“it is…that…”后,题目就变成了:
I just wonder ____ makes him so excited.
这样就一目了然看到了应当选择“what”,引导名词从句做宾语。
例3 It was only on the way back home that _____ he was cheated by the girl.
A.he realized B.did he realize
C.he was realizing D.realized he
答案为A。题干中出现的“it is…that…”,说明有一个强调句;如果不是叠加在强调句中,以only on the way back home置于句首,应当使用倒装结构,即:
Only on the way back home did he realize he was cheated by the girl.
但由于“did he realize he was cheated by the girl.”这部分在强调句that之后,属于从句的位置,因此,不能使用疑问语序,故改为陈述结构,选择A。
例4 ——Where did you get to know her?
——It was on the farm _________ we worked.
A.that B.there
C.which D.where
答案为D。本题极易误选为A。本题中it不是强调结构没有任何意义的“it”,而是代指地点的“it”,它有含义。“你在哪里认识她的?”“是在(我们工作的)农场。”where为关系副词引导定语从句,修饰farm。
高考试题常常采用强调句和倒装以及复合句的句式叠加来设空置项,考查同学们的句式结构能力,在平时的训练中,要加强语句特别是复杂句式的辨别和分析,从而在考试时回答此类问题能够得心应手。
下面的5个题目供同学们做简单的训练。
1.David said that it was because of his strong interest in literature _____ he chose the course.
A. that B. what
C. why D. how
2.It was not until she got home _______ Jennifer realized she had lost her keys.
A. when B. that
C. where D. before
3.It is not who is right but what is right ______ is of importance.
A. which B. it
C. that D. this
4.It is what you do rather than what you say ____ matters.
A. that B. what
C. which D. this
5._____ electricity plays such an important part in our daily life?
A.why is it B.why is it that
C.why does it D.why was it
参考答案
1.A 2.B 3.C 4.A 5.B